![]() One explanation of this performance reduction is talker “normalization”: the process by which listeners use talker vocal characteristics to resolve acoustic-phonetic ambiguities that are introduced when a talker changes demands attention and extra processing ( Nusbaum & Morin, 1992). Despite this acoustic-phonetic variability, listeners appear to quickly and easily understand utterances from different talkers, albeit with a small but reliable recognition performance reduction ( Heald & Nusbaum, 2014b Nusbaum & Magnuson, 1997). ![]() This variability in the relationship between acoustic patterns and phonetic categories introduces ambiguity into the recognition of a speaker’s intended phoneme given that any particular acoustic pattern might map onto different phonetic categories ( Nusbaum & Magnuson, 1997). Even more acoustic-phonetic variability is introduced when accents and speech patterns specific to non-native speakers are taken into account. However, even among native speakers of a language, there is wide variability in the acoustic characteristics of various phonemes (Peterson & Barney, 1952 Heald & Nusbaum, 2014b). People seem to understand speech from different talkers with little difficulty. Though there may be differences in cortical recruitment to processing demands for non-speech sounds versus a changing talker, the underlying mechanisms are similar, supporting the view that shared cognitive-general mechanisms assist both talker normalization and speech-to-nonspeech transitions. We extend these findings to acoustic source change in general by examining understanding environmental sounds in spoken sentence context. Here we use source analysis from high-density EEG to show that perceiving fluent speech in which the talker changes recruits early involvement of parietal and temporal cortical areas, suggesting functional involvement of WM and attention in talker normalization. These studies have not examined how talker variability affects perception and neural responses in fluent speech. Previous research has indicated that adjusting to talker differences is an active cognitive process that depends on attention and working memory (WM). Powerful camera raw converter plug-in for Adobe PhotoshopĪdobe Camera RAW is a great addition to your Adobe Photoshop photo editing suite: you have all the necessary tools for both visualizing, processing, and converting camera raw data without ever leaving the editor.Adjusting to the vocal characteristics of a new talker is important for speech recognition. The same gadgets panel placed on the right side of the Adobe Camera RAW main window includes tools for making lens corrections, for applying various effects (grain, post crop vignetting, and more), or for calibrating the camera. Easily accessible image processing toolsīefore exporting the raw image files, Adobe Camera RAW offers you the opportunity to adjust the image tone, to modify the sharpening effect, to reduce the noise level, to convert the image to grayscale, or to create split toning effects. ![]() The plug-in window allows you to visualize the image, but also includes basic editing tools, enables you to see the image histogram, to adjust the image exposure, and much more. Note that you will be able to work directly on the “digital negatives” while keeping the original files intact. The Adobe Camera RAW installer will take care of the plug-in assimilation process, so you will be able to access its capabilities without having to leave the Adobe Photoshop application, although in a separate window. ![]() Raw format converter integrated into your Adobe Photoshop app However, keep in mind that only certain camera models are supported, so you should verify on the Adobe website if the files generated by your device can be processed. The plug-in is able to work with raw files created by Canon, Kodak, Konica Minolta, Olympus, Ricoh, Samsung, Leaf, Leica, Panasonic, Sigma, Sony, Casio, Mamiya, Nikon, Pentax, Contax, Phase One, DJI, Epson, Fujifilm, Hasselblad, or Nokia digital cameras. Adobe Camera RAW is an Adobe Photoshop plug-in that enables you to access raw image formats generated by a wide collection of digital cameras, without having to use third party converters. Digital cameras produce raw format images that need to be processed and converted to an editable file format before making any adjustments. ![]()
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